THE MOST EFFICIENT COASTAL PROTECTION AND DEVELOPMENT METHODS THROUGH A COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN THE COAST OF HOLLAND AND LOWER MANHATTAN

نوع المستند : المقالة الأصلية

المؤلفون

1 Donia Nabil, Assistant lecturer of Faculty of Fine Arts Alexandria University.

2 Ahmed El Zayat, Assistant Professor of Architecture- Faculty of Fine Arts- Alexandria University.

3 Sahar El Arnaouty, Professor of Architecture, Vice Dean for Postgraduate Studies and Research- Faculty of Fine Arts- Alexandria University.

المستخلص

Coastal zones are increasingly dynamic areas where terrestrial and marine processes interact. Over the past 100 years, coastline changes are one of the global problems in both natural ecosystems and urban communities. In all cultures, Waterfront is a fundamental attraction. Each city must have an identity that can be used as a main development attraction. In recent decades, Alexandria, like many third-world cities, suffers from many aspects of environmental and urban decline due to rapid, unplanned, and uncontrolled urban expansion which usually creates a bad environment affecting all parts of the city. In the face of climate change and urban growth, the influence of shoreline alterations on city waterfronts is a critical issue. Based on comparisons of analytical examples of coastline changes and the protection, development methods used to meet future urban requirements and raise the level of the current urban elements. They were selected upon criteria responding to the aim of the study, which is relied on the impact of coastal changes due to environmental threats and urban challenges as same as Alexandria City. Finally, this paper intends to identify the key reasons for coastline changes, establish a guideline and recommend a practical approach for coastal conservation and development.  

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